| A |
B |
C |
D |
E |
F |
G |
H |
I |
J |
K |
L |
| |
PROTEST, RIOT, AND VIOLENCE NEWS: 1-JAN-12 -
12-MAY-12 |
|
|
|
|
From |
01-Jan-12 |
|
|
|
|
Copyright © 2011-2012 by Macroknow Inc. All
Rights Reserved. |
|
To |
12-May-12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Days |
133 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
News Items |
537 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date |
Event Category |
Authors |
Title |
X |
Event |
Source |
URL |
Item |
|
2-Jan-12 |
PRO |
LAW |
|
Palko Karasz;
Melissa Eddy |
Opposition
Protests Constitution in Hungary |
|
Hungary: tens of
the thousands protest the new “majoritarian” Constitution which gives the
government anti democratic control over the news media and over the courts |
NYT |
|
1 |
|
3-Jan-12 |
REL |
GOV |
VIO |
Edward Wong |
Violent Clashes Reported in China Over Mosque
Demolition |
|
China: violent clashes between Muslims protecting
their mosque and authorities that want to demolish it |
NYT |
|
2 |
|
5-Jan-12 |
REL |
VIO |
|
|
Series of blasts leaves
scores dead in Iraq: At least 70 killed and more than 100 wounded in the
latest attacks in mainly Shia areas across the country |
|
Iraq: a series of bomb
attacks targeting Shia pilgrims killed ≥70 people |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
3 |
|
5-Jan-12 |
ECON |
OIL |
MIL |
|
Iran blasts West's embargo as 'economic war': Ban
would stop Tehran's exports to Europe, but official says it could "very
easily replace these customers" |
|
Iran: the European Union announced a preliminary
agreement to ban oil imports from Iran (according to Reuters, the EU imports
18% of Iran's oil output); Iran accused the West of waging "economic
war" on Iran; Iran threatened in Dec-2011 to shut the Strait of Hormuz |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
4 |
|
5-Jan-12 |
PRO |
OIL |
VIO |
|
Nigeria police
crack down on fuel protests: About 300 people wounded and 19 others arrested
and later released by police in the northern city of Kano |
|
Nigeria: police
cracked down on protesters demonstrating against soaring fuel prices; ~300
people were injured |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
5 |
|
6-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Erika Solomon. Contributors: Alistair Lyon; Khaled Yacoub Oweis |
Suicide bomb kills 25 in Damascus: Syrian TV |
|
Syria: a suicide bomber killed ~25 people in Damascus |
Reuters |
|
6 |
|
6-Jan-12 |
NATO |
VIO |
|
Laura King |
8 NATO troops
killed in 24 hours in southern Afghanistan |
|
NATO’s
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF): 8 NATO troops were killed in
24 hours |
Washington Post: Los
Angeles Times |
|
7 |
|
7-Jan-12 |
MIL |
VIO |
|
|
Kenya: Airstrikes Kill 60 Islamic Militants in
Somalia |
|
Kenya: airstrikes killed ≥60 al-Qaeda militants
in Somalia; warnings of potential terrorist attacks issued for Kenya |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
8 |
|
9-Jan-12 |
PRO |
ECON |
OIL |
|
3 Killed in
Nigeria Fuel Price Protests |
|
Nigeria: tens of
thousands of Nigerians protested soaring fuel prices (fuel prices doubled in
1 day); clashes with police killed at ≥3 people |
VOA News |
|
9 |
|
10-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Bomb Kills 35 in NW Pakistan |
|
Pakistan: bomb killed ≥35 people near a bus
terminal |
VOA News-AP-Reuters |
|
10 |
|
11-Jan-12 |
VIO |
NUC |
WWW |
Scott Shane. Contributors:
Steven Lee Myers; David E. Sanger; Alan Cowell; Rick Gladstone |
Adversaries of Iran Said to
Be Stepping Up Covert Actions |
|
Iran's adversaries
reportedly "accelerating covert campaign of assassinations, bombings,
cyberattacks and defections" |
NYT |
|
11 |
|
11-Jan-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Assad Rallies Syrians; Western Journalist Killed |
|
Syria: thousands of Syrians rally in Damascus in
support of President Bashar al-Assad; Assad claimed his government will
defeat a "conspiracy" against Syria; the UN estimates the death
toll from the uprising at 5,000 people
|
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
12 |
|
11-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Craig Whitlock |
Video appears to show troops
urinating on corpses |
|
Video on the Internet
"purports to show Marines in combat gear urinating on the corpses of
three Taliban insurgents" |
Washington Post |
|
13 |
|
11-Jan-12 |
GOV |
POL |
VIO |
Ralph Nader |
Iran: The Neocons Are At It Again |
|
Ralph Nader: "The same neocons who persuaded
George W. Bush and crew to, in Ron Paul's inimitable words, "lie their
way into invading Iraq" in 2003, are beating the drums of war more
loudly these days to attack Iran" |
Nader.org |
|
14 |
|
12-Jan-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
NUC |
|
IRGC Condemns
Assassination of Iranian Scientist |
|
11-Jan-2012:
Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan, an Iranian university professor and deputy director of
Natanz nuclear enrichment facility, was killed in a bombing; the
assassination is blamed on the "Zionist regime and its sympathizers in
the White House and the West" |
FARS News Agency |
|
15 |
|
13-Jan-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Thousands Rally in Syria as Arab League Chief Warns
of Civil War |
|
Syria: ~20,000 demonstrators protested against
President Bashar al-Assad; soldiers reportedly killed ≥1 person; a
Russian vessel carrying ammunition from Russia to Syria was intercepted |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
16 |
|
14-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Blast kills Iraqi
Shia pilgrims in Basra |
|
Iraq: a suicide
attack killed ≥53 Shia Muslim pilgrims in Basra |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
17 |
|
15-Jan-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
Michael S. Schmidt; Duraid Adnan. Contributor: an Iraqi employee
of NYT |
Police Officers Are Killed in Insurgent Attacks in
Iraq |
|
Iraq: car bombs and gunmen targeted a police
compound; 9 people, including 5 police officers, were killed |
NYT |
|
18 |
|
15-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Pakistani Intelligence:
Taliban Leader Believed Killed in US Drone Strike |
|
12-Jan-2012: Pakistan: a
bomb killed ≥16 people; a U.S. drone strike may have killed Pakistani
Taliban Hakimullah Mehsud |
VOA News-AP-FP |
|
19 |
|
15-Jan-12 |
PRO |
REL |
|
Tom Kington |
Vatican protesters evicted by police |
|
Rome: demonstrators aiming to set up a protest camp
in St Peter's Square were evicted by police |
The Guardian |
|
20 |
|
16-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Car Bombs Kill At
Least 12 in Iraq |
|
Iraq: car bombings
killed ≥12 people, including women and children; many attacks have
targeted Shia citizens |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
21 |
|
17-Jan-12 |
PRO |
|
|
Max Chafkin. Contributors: Alexandra Beggs; Mark
Guiducci; Jaime Lalinde; Elizabeth Nicholas; Rebecca Sacks; Kaitlin Sanders |
Revolution Number 99: An Oral History of Occupy Wall
Street |
|
Feb-2012: Vanity Fair: collection of historical
fragments and comments about the genesis of the Occupy Wall Street movement |
Vanity Fair |
|
22 |
|
18-Jan-12 |
PRO |
BUS |
LAW |
|
Major Websites Protest US
Anti-Piracy Legislation with Blackout |
|
Major websites, including
Wikipedia and Google, protested The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the
Protect IP Act (PIPA) under consideration in the U.S. Congress; the film and
music industry support anti-piracy legislation |
VOA News |
|
23 |
|
18-Jan-12 |
HEAL |
VIO |
|
Gilda Sedgh et al. |
Long-Term Worldwide Decline In Abortions Has Stalled:
Plateau Coincides With Slowdown In What Had Been A Steady Increase In
Contraceptive Use |
|
New research from the Guttmacher Institute and the
World Health Organization (WHO): "Between 1995 and 2003, the overall
number of abortions per 1,000 women of childbearing age (15–44 years) dropped
from 35 to 29; . . . the global abortion rate in 2008 was virtually
unchanged, at 28 per 1,000" [Gilda Sedgh et al., Induced Abortion:
Incidence and Trends Worldwide from 1995 to 2008, The Lancet, 18-Jan-2012] |
Guttmacher
Institute; WHO |
|
24 |
|
19-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Suicide Bomber Kills 7 in
Southern Afghanistan |
|
Afghanistan: suicide car
bomber killed 7 people, including 2 children; NATO vehicles targeted; the
Taliban claimed responsibility |
VOA News |
|
25 |
|
19-Jan-12 |
PRO |
JUST |
WWW |
AnonymousWiki |
|
|
Anonymous: "Popular file-sharing website
megaupload.com gets shutdown by U.S Justice - FBI and charged its founder
with violating piracy laws. Four Megaupload members were also arrested. . .
We Anonymous are launching our largest attack ever on government and music
industry sites. Lulz. The FBI didn't think they would get away with this did
they? They should have expected us. . ."; several websites were taken
down, including: justice.gov, usdoj.gov, copyright.gov, universalmusic.com |
Anonymous |
|
26 |
|
20-Jan-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
EDU |
Edward Cody; Kevin Sieff |
France halts training after
Afghan soldier kills 4 French troops |
|
Afghanistan: an Afghan
soldier targeted his trainers and killed 4 French soldiers; France suspended
its training operation in Afghanistan |
Washington Post |
|
27 |
|
20-Jan-12 |
ACC |
MIL |
|
|
Afghan helicopter crash kills NATO troops |
|
Afghanistan: a NATO CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopter
crashed killing 6 American soldiers |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
28 |
|
20-Jan-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
Nada Bakri |
Self-Immolation Is
on the Rise in the Arab World |
|
Desperate lives in
the Arab world have pushed many to self-immolate: 107 Tunisians attempted to
kill themselves by self-immolation in the 6 months since the self-immolation
of Mohamed Bouazizi, a fruit vendor, on 27-Dec-2010 [the trigger of the Arab
Spring] [source: BBC]; 5 young men self-immolated in Morocco on 18-Jan-2012;
others attempted self-immolation in Tunisia, Jordan, and Bahrain |
NYT |
|
29 |
|
21-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
At Least 131 Dead in Nigeria Bombings |
|
Nigeria: bombings in Kano killed ≥131 people;
Boko Haram claimed responsibility |
VOA News |
|
30 |
|
21-Jan-12 |
MIL |
POL |
|
Amir Oren |
U.S. Chief of Staff: U.S.
and Israel have shared understanding of Mideast security |
|
U.S. Chief of Staff General
Martin Dempsey in Israel to “advance a shared understanding of the security
situation in the region," including especially Iran |
Haaretz |
|
31 |
|
21-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Deadly bus explosion hits Syria's Idlib |
|
Syria: bus transporting prisoners exploded killing 14
people; the attack may not have been deliberately targeted |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
32 |
|
21-Jan-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Dan Morse.
Contributors: Uthman al-Mukhtar; Asaad Majeed |
4 Iraqi troops
killed in attack in Fallujah |
|
Iraq: gunmen
targeted an army checkpoint in Fallujah and killed 4 soldiers |
Washington Post |
|
33 |
|
22-Jan-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
|
Libya's No. 2 Leader Resigns After Benghazi
Anti-Government Riot |
|
Libya: anti-government riot; the deputy head of
Libya's National Transitional Council (NTC) Abdel Hafiz Ghoga resigned |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
34 |
|
22-Jan-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Somalia
Drone Strike Kills al-Qaida Operative |
|
Somalia:
drone-fired missiles killed an al-Qaeda operative |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
35 |
|
23-Jan-12 |
POL |
VIO |
|
Philip Weiss |
Assassination has been a trusty tool in Zionism’s
rightwing movement |
|
Philip Weiss on assassination as a "trusty
tool" of radical Zionism. Atlanta Jewish Times publisher Andrew Adler
reportedly suggested that the Mossad assassinate Barack Obama; Adler
reportedly apologized |
Mondoweiss |
|
36 |
|
23-Jan-12 |
POL |
VIO |
|
|
Atlanta Jewish Times
publisher resigns over Obama assassination column |
|
Andrew Adler, the publisher
of the Atlanta Jewish Times has resigned; according to JTA, in a 13-Jan-2012
column, Adler outlined "possible responses by Israel to Iran's acquiring
a nuclear weapon," including "the go-ahead for U.S.-based Mossad
agents to take out a president deemed unfriendly to Israel . . ." |
JTA |
|
37 |
|
23-Jan-12 |
PRO |
LAW |
|
|
Abortion opponents urged to unite behind eventual GOP
nominee at annual ‘March for Life’ rally |
|
Thousands of abortion opponents joined the “March for
Life” to mark the 39th anniversary of the Roe v. Wade decision legalizing
abortion |
Washington Post: AP |
|
38 |
|
24-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Baghdad car bombs kill 14,
injure dozens |
|
Iraq: a series of car
bombings in Baghdad killed 14 people; Iraq death toll to date from violence:
≥170 |
CBC News: AP |
|
39 |
|
24-Jan-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
Peter Heinlein |
Nigeria Police Investigating Kano Attacks |
|
20-Jan-2012: Nigeria: bomb attacks targeting the
police in Kano killed 185 people; Boko Haram fighters suspected |
VOA News |
|
40 |
|
25-Jan-12 |
PRO |
|
|
David D.
Kirkpatrick. Contributor: Mayy El Sheikh |
Egyptians Gather
on First Anniversary of Revolt |
|
Egypt: ~100,000
Egyptians demonstrated in Tahrir Square to mark the first anniversary of the
Egyptian revolution |
NYT |
|
41 |
|
26-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
New church attacks in northern Nigeria; thousands of
Christians flee |
|
22-Jan-2012: Nigeria: bomb attacks targeted 2
churches; up to 35,000 Christians have reportedly fled the Muslim area
following a Boko Haram ultimatum |
CatholicCulture.org |
|
42 |
|
26-Jan-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Sayed Salahuddin |
Bomber targets NATO convoy
in Afghanistan; 3 killed |
|
Afghanistan: a suicide
bomber targeted a NATO convoy; 3 civilians were killed |
Washington Post |
|
43 |
|
26-Jan-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Dan Morse and Asaad Majeed |
Bombs kill 2 policemen and their families south of
Baghdad |
|
Iraq: 3 bombs targeting the homes of 2 policemen
killed 9 people, including 2 babies |
Washington Post |
|
44 |
|
27-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Dan Morse; Aziz Alwan |
Bomb kills dozens in Baghdad
Shiite district |
|
Iraq: a suicide bomber
killed at least 31 people in a Shia neighborhood |
Washington Post |
|
45 |
|
27-Jan-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
Alice Fordham; Colum Lynch. Contributor: Leila Fadel |
Violence surges in Syria as U.N. Security Council
meets |
|
26-Jan-2012: Syria: shelling by government increased;
62 people were reportedly killed across Syria |
Washington Post |
|
46 |
|
27-Jan-12 |
PRO |
MIL |
|
|
Egyptians
Participate in 'Second Day of Anger' |
|
26-27-Jan-2012:
Egypt: demonstrators protest demanding the army transfer power to civilians |
VOA News |
|
47 |
|
28-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
David Kerr |
Military archbishop: US invasion led to fewer Iraqi
Christians |
|
According to U.S. Military Archbishop Timothy P.
Broglio, one of the legacies of America's invasion of Iraq in 2003 is the
substantial decrease in the Catholic population of Iraq -- from over 800,000,
to less than 150,000; Catholics were protected under Saddam Hussein -- they
no longer are |
Catholic News Agency |
|
48 |
|
28-Jan-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Mary Abdelmassih |
Over 3000 Muslims
Attack Christian Homes and Shops in Egypt, 3 Injured |
|
Egypt: >3000
Muslims attacked Copts in a village; Coptic homes and shops were looted then
torched |
Assyrian
International News Agency |
|
49 |
|
29-Jan-12 |
VIO |
OIL |
|
Kareem Fahim; Ellen Barry. Contributors: Huwaida Saad; Alan
Cowell |
Syria Targets Rebels Based in Suburbs of Damascus |
|
Syria: Syrian forces clashed with rebel forces;
Syrian authorities said a “terrorist group” blew up a gas pipeline |
NYT |
|
50 |
|
29-Jan-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Police Kill 4 in
Bangladeshi Protests |
|
Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Nationalist Party activists demonstrated for the reinstatement of
a caretaker voting system; police fired at protesters killing ≥4 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
51 |
|
30-Jan-12 |
PRO |
|
|
|
More than 400 arrests as Occupy protest resurfaces in
Oakland, breaking lull |
|
29-Jan-12: Occupy Oakland protesters clashed with
police; police arrested more than 400 people; protesters accused the police
of using illegal tactics |
Washington Post-AP |
|
52 |
|
30-Jan-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Is Syria
descending into civil war? |
|
26-27-Jan-12:
Syria: violent anti-government protests: ~120 people were reportedly killed |
Al Jazeera |
|
53 |
|
1-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Scores killed in Egypt football violence |
|
Egypt: football violence; ≥73 people were
killed |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
54 |
|
1-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Syria toll mounts
amid Russian veto threat |
|
Syria: violent
clashes leave ≥68 people dead according to the Local Co-ordination
Committees (LCC) |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
55 |
|
2-Feb-12 |
PRO |
UN |
|
|
Palestinian Protesters Throw Shoes at UN Chief |
|
Gaza strip: Palestinian protesters throw shoes at
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and his convoy |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
56 |
|
2-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
David D. Kirkpatrick.
Contributor: Mayy El Sheikh |
Clashes in Egypt as Mourners
Unleash Fury Over Soccer Melee |
|
Egypt: thousands of
protesters in several cities demand the military cede power, following
football violence; violent clashes with police were reported |
NYT |
|
57 |
|
2-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
William Ide |
Self-Immolations in China's Tibetan Areas Mark Shift
in Tibet Movement |
|
Tibet: since Mar-2011, ≥16 Tibetans, mostly
monks and nuns, have self-immolated in protest of Chinese government policies |
VOA News |
|
58 |
|
3-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
CNN Wire Staff |
Iran's leader: War would be
detrimental to U.S. |
|
Israel agitating for
possible airstrikes against Iranian nuclear sites; Ayatollah Ali Khamenei:
"The war itself will be 10 times as detrimental to the U.S." |
CNN |
|
59 |
|
3-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Deadly clashes in Egypt over football riots |
|
2-Feb-12: Egypt: thousands protested demanding
retribution for the deaths of 72 people killed in football violence; 5 were
killed in violent clashes with authorities |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
60 |
|
3-Feb-12 |
PRO |
SEC |
|
Scott Shane.
Contributors: Somini Sengupta; Nicole Perlroth |
F.B.I. Admits
Hacker Group’s Eavesdropping |
|
Anonymous posted a
recording of a conference call between the FBI, Scotland Yard and other
police agencies about their investigation of Anonymous, Lulzsec, Antisec, and
other groups [see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6DfI0GBbjE]; other hacking
activities reported |
NYT |
|
61 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
PRO |
MIL |
VIO |
Anthony Shadid. Contributors: Nada Bakri; Hwaida Saad; David D.
Kirkpatrick |
Death Toll Is Said to Rise in Syrian City of Homs |
|
Syria: military forces assaulted Homs; the death toll
is reportedly 260 |
NYT |
|
62 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
Alexander Kolyandr; Gregory
L. White. Contributors: Anna Masterova; Olga Padorina; Nonna Fomenko |
Thousands Rally Against
Putin |
|
Moscow, Russia: >100,000
protested against election fraud and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin; also,
tens of thousands of pro-Putin Russians protested against "lackeys of
America" |
WSJ |
|
63 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Riots in Egypt Continue: At Least 12 Dead, 2,500
Injured |
|
Egypt: protesters and police clashed; ≥12
people were killed |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
64 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
James Brooke |
Pro- and Anti-Putin Rallies
Draw Mass Turnouts in Moscow |
|
Moscow, Russia: pro-Putin
and anti-Putin rallies draw 138,000 and 100,000, respectively |
VOA News |
|
65 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
PRO |
SEC |
|
Annie Gowen. Contributors: Michael Bolden; Carol Morello; Martin
Weil; Clarence Williams |
Occupy D.C. camp raided by police |
|
Washington, DC: the police raided the Occupy D.C.
camp in McPherson Square; Occupy protesters are part of a movement
demonstrating against "economic inequality" |
Washington Post |
|
66 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
MIL |
MAN |
|
|
Iran Starts Mass-Production
of Naval Cruise Missile |
|
Iran to mass-produce a naval
cruise missile (Zafar) |
FARS News Agency |
|
67 |
|
4-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
WWW |
Peter Andrews |
Department of Homeland Security website hacked by
Anonymous |
|
Homeland Security Department’s website, DHS.gov was
reportedly taken down by Anonymous hacktivists |
RT: Reuters |
|
68 |
|
5-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Karzai Condemns Deadly Car
Bombing in Southern Afghanistan |
|
Afghanistan: a suicide car
bombing at a police station in Kandahar killed 9 people; according to a U.N.
report, >3,000 civilians were killed in Afghanistan in 2011 (up 8% from
2010) |
VOA News |
|
69 |
|
5-Feb-12 |
VIO |
OIL |
|
|
Oil Pipeline
in Niger Delta Attacked by Militants |
|
4-Feb-2012: Niger Delta, Nigeria: The Movement for
the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) attacked an Italian-owned pipeline |
VOA News |
|
70 |
|
5-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
|
Protesters attack
7 Syrian embassies around world in wake of bloody crackdown |
|
Protesters
attacked 7 Syrian embassies around the world |
Fox News: AP |
|
71 |
|
7-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
DEBT |
|
Greek Police Clash with Austerity Protesters |
|
Greece: thousands of workers protested the latest
austerity measures imposed by creditors (EU, ECB, and IMF) |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
72 |
|
8-Feb-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
|
Nirmala George |
India Upgrades
Military to Match China |
|
India has acquired
a nuclear-powered submarine from Russia; India has decided to buy 126 fighter
jets from France and to get a retrofitted Soviet-built aircraft carrier |
Time: AP |
|
73 |
|
9-Feb-12 |
PRO |
MIL |
VIO |
|
Scores killed' in shelling of Syria's Homs |
|
Syria: government forces shelled Homs for the 6th day
in a row; according to the Local Co-ordination Committees 110 people were
killed in Homs |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
74 |
|
9-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
JOBS |
|
General strike
enters second day in Israel |
|
8-9-Feb-2012:
Israel: general strike involving ~500,000 people to force the government to
hire workers and provide good working conditions |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
75 |
|
10-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
DEBT |
|
Athens clashes over Greece eurozone austerity deal |
|
Greece: protesters clashed with police in Athens over
austerity measures imposed by eurozone ministers; austerity measures include:
cut of 15,000 public-sector jobs, weakening of labor laws, decreasing the
minimum wage by 20%; Greece's unemployment rate is >20%. |
BBC News |
|
76 |
|
10-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
Blasts in Aleppo
as 'tanks mass outside Homs' |
|
Syria: explosions
in Aleppo killed 28 people |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
77 |
|
11-Feb-12 |
PRO |
LAW |
WWW |
Dave Lee |
Acta protests: Thousands take to streets across
Europe |
|
Europe: thousands of people protested against the
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). |
BBC News |
|
78 |
|
11-Feb-12 |
PRO |
LAW |
WWW |
|
Stop ACTA |
|
Open Rights Group, London,
UK: "The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement is an international
agreement, negotiated in secret. It is supposed to tackle large-scale
counterfeiting. But its overly broad definitions, harsh punitive measures and
lack of democratic validity make it a danger to how our Internet is governed
and to freedom of expression and privacy online." According to ORG:
"ACTA has no democratic credibility"; "ACTA threatens your
privacy and freedom of speech"; "ACTA would be a hindrance to
innovation"; "ACTA could hurt developing countries." |
Open Rights Group |
|
79 |
|
11-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
A Terrorist Group Assassinates Brigadier General
Dr. Issa al-Kholi in Damascus |
|
Syria: an armed terrorist group is targeting Syrian
intellectuals and medical and technical cadres; the group assassinated
Director of Hamish Hospital in Damascus, Brigadier General, Dr. Issa
al-Kholi; others assassinated include a professor at al-Baath University,an
engineer and nuclear specialist, the head of Thoracic Surgery Department at
Homs National Hospital, a teacher at the National Center for Excelled
Students in Homs . . . [SANA] |
Syrian Arab News
Agency |
|
80 |
|
11-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
DEBT |
Andrei
Khalip
|
Lisbon Protests:
More Than 100,000 Rally Against Austerity In Portugal |
|
Lisbon, Portugal:
>100,000 protesters (300,000, according to organisers) rallied against
austerity measures |
Huffington Post:
Reuters |
|
81 |
|
12-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
DEBT |
Niki Kitsantonis; Rachel Donadio. Contributors: Julie Creswell;
Elisabetta Povoledo |
Greek Parliament Passes Austerity Plan After Riots
Rage |
|
Greece: financial bailout: the Greek Parliament
approved harsh austerity measures imposed by creditors (European Commission,
ECB, IMF); more than 80,000 people demonstrated against financial
capitulation; violent riots were reported in many cities |
NYT |
|
82 |
|
12-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
REL |
|
Al-Qaida Leader Voices
Support for Syrian Uprising |
|
11-Feb-2012: Al-Qaeda leader
Ayman al-Zawahiri urged Muslims to support anti-government rebels in Syria
and "called on Syrians not to rely on the West or Arab governments" |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
83 |
|
12-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
POL |
Robert Berger |
Palestinian Hunger Striker Stirs Emotions |
|
Protesters support Khader Adnan, a Palestinian
prisoner from Islamic Jihad who has been on a hunger strike for 58 days! |
VOA News |
|
84 |
|
13-Feb-12 |
VIO |
POL |
|
|
Israeli envoys targeted in
India and Georgia |
|
Israel's embassies on high
alert: Israeli diplomats have been targeted by car bombs in India and Georgia |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
85 |
|
13-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
DEBT |
Niki Kitsantonis; Rachel Donadio. Contributors:
Dimitris Bounias; Stephen Castle; Melissa Eddy |
Athens Shaken by Riots After Vote for Austerity |
|
Greece: austerity measures imposed on Greece by
creditors triggered massive protests (80,000 demonstrators), riots,
vandalism, and looting; ~150 stores were vandalized and looted, and ~45
buildings, including banks, were torched |
NYT |
|
86 |
|
15-Feb-12 |
PRO |
MKT |
WWW |
Lee J |
NASDAQ website taken offline
by hackers |
|
Hackers using the handle
L0NGwave99 have reportedly taken down NASDAQ's website |
Cyber War News |
|
87 |
|
15-Feb-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Sharqia: Church and homes set on fire by some 2,000
Muslim extremists |
|
Egypt: ~2,000 extremists, mainly Salafists, set fire
to the Church of St Mary and St Abram in a village north-east of Cairo; peace
was mediated by the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party |
AsiaNews.it |
|
88 |
|
15-Feb-12 |
ELITE |
BANK |
VIO |
Margaret Kimberley |
Freedom Rider:
Greece: Your Money or Your Life |
|
Margaret
Kimberley: "Greece’s plight proves the Lords of Capital have no more use
for democratic facades. The Greeks will be forced to surrender to “the free
movement of capital” and take no actions that would “influence the management
or control of companies.” For the people’s purposes, the Greek state has
ceased to exist. “The sad truth is that citizens of supposedly democratic
countries live in dictatorships of, for, and by the rich."" |
Black Agenda Report |
|
89 |
|
17-Feb-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
Carol Cratty |
Police: Suicide attack on U.S. Capitol foiled |
|
U.S.: alleged suicide attack on U.S. Capitol foiled |
CNN |
|
90 |
|
17-Feb-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Ali Afzaal. Contributors:
Saud Mehsud; Jibran Ahmad; Qasim Nauman; Sanjeev Miglani (ed.)
|
Suicide bomber kills 26 in
NW Pakistan, ignites protest |
|
Pakistan: a suicide bomber
targeted a Shia mosque and killed ≥26 people |
Reuters |
|
91 |
|
17-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
LAW |
Quinn Norton |
Anonymous Promises Regularly Scheduled Friday Attacks |
|
In protest against ACTA, the Antisec wing of
Anonymous attacked a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) webserver
(business.ftc.gov, consumer.gov and ncpw.gov); Anonymous also plans to attack
government and corporate sites under the theme of #FFF (Fuck the FBI Friday) |
WIRED |
|
92 |
|
17-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
|
Palestinians rally
in support of hunger strike prisoner |
|
Gaza and the West
Bank: thousands rallied in support of Khader Adnan on the 62nd day of a
hunger strike; Adnan is protesting his detention by Israel |
BBC News |
|
93 |
|
19-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
CNN Wire Staff. Contributors: Rey Rodriguez; Victor Badillo |
38 killed in Mexican prison riot |
|
Mexico: prison riot killed ≥38 people |
CNN |
|
94 |
|
19-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Deadly suicide bomb attack
in Baghdad |
|
Iraq: suicide car bomb
attack killed ≥15 people in Baghdad |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
95 |
|
19-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
DEBT |
|
Greeks rally against austerity steps |
|
Greece: hundreds of protesters protested deep budget
cuts imposed by creditors, including a 22% cut in the minimum wage and a 12%
cut in pensions of more than $1,700/month |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
96 |
|
19-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Syrian Forces
Clamp Down on Damascus |
|
Syria: Syrian
forces deployed forces in a Damascus neighborhood; activists reported 14
people were killed throughout Syria; SANA repoted 12 security personnel were
also killed |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
97 |
|
21-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
Edward Yeranian |
Activists: Syrian Forces Kill 63 as Red Cross Seeks
Daily Truce |
|
Syria: Syrian security forces reportedly killed 63
people in Homs and northern villages; the distribution of civilian deaths
since Mar-2011 is as follows: Homs 2,400; Daraa 715; Idlib 603; Damascus 551;
Hama 460; Deir Ezzor 169; Latakia 156; Aleppo 49; Banias 13; Tartous 6
[source: Syrian Observatory for Human Rights] |
VOA News |
|
98 |
|
21-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
A Guest |
Anonymous message
to the United States. Game Over |
|
Message from
Anonymous to the United States government: "We now see that you have
publicly labeled Anonymous as leaderless terrorist organization that poses as
a high threat to national security. . . On 12.21.2012 we seek to put and end
to corruption world wide. A time to end censorship. A time to end tyranny. A
time to leak it all."
|
Pastebin |
|
99 |
|
22-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
BANK |
Contributors: Derek Gatopoulos; Elena Becatoros; Geir Moulson |
Greek Lawmakers Rush to Clear Promised Austerity |
|
Greece: >6,000 people protested against measures
imposed by creditors (Eurozone and IMF) on Greeks |
NYT: AP |
|
100 |
|
22-Feb-12 |
PRO |
MIl |
VIO |
|
Syria Shelling Kills 19,
Including 2 Western Journalists |
|
Syria: shelling of Homs
killed ≥19 people, including 2 Western journalists |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
101 |
|
22-Feb-12 |
PRO |
FIN |
DEBT |
Alain Badiou; Jean-Christophe Bailly; Étienne
Balibar; Claire Denis; Jean-Luc Nancy; Jacques Ranciere; Avital Ronell |
Alain Badiou. Save the Greeks from their Saviors!
[Translation into English by Anastazia Golemi and Drew S. Burk] |
|
Alain Badiou et al: "At a time when one Greek
youth out of two is unemployed. Where 25,000 homeless wander the streets of
Athens. Where 30% of the population has fallen under the poverty line and
where millions of families are forced to place their children in the care of
someone else in order for them not to die of hunger or cold, where refugees
and the new poor compete for trashcans at the public dump, the “saviors” of
Greece, under the pretext that “Greece is not trying hard enough”, impose a
new aid plan that doubles the lethal administered dose. A plan that abolishes
the right to work and reduces the poor to the most extreme misery, at the
same time as it makes the middle class disappear. The goal is not about
“saving” Greece. All economists worthy of this name agree on this point. It’s
about gaining time in order to save the creditors at the same time it leads
the country into deferred collapse. Above all it’s about making a laboratory
of social change out of Greece that, in a second generation, will spread
throughout all of Europe..." |
The European
Graduate School |
|
102 |
|
23-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Asaad Alazawi; Ernesto
Londońo. Contributor: Aziz Alwan |
Scores killed in wave of
al-Qaeda bombings across Iraq |
|
Iraq: bombings across Iraq
targeted security forces and killed 55 people; the Islamic State of Iraq, a
branch of al-Qaeda, claimed responsibility |
Washington Post |
|
103 |
|
23-Feb-12 |
HEAL |
REL |
VIO |
Alberto Giubilini; Francesca Minerva |
After-birth abortion: why should the baby live? [J
Med Ethics doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100411] |
|
Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva argue that
"what we call ‘after-birth abortion’ (killing a newborn) should be
permissible in all the cases where abortion is, including cases where the
newborn is not disabled," because: "(1) both fetuses and newborns
do not have the same moral status as actual persons, (2) the fact that both
are potential persons is morally irrelevant and (3) adoption is not always in
the best interest of actual people" |
Journal of Medical
Ethics |
|
104 |
|
24-Feb-12 |
PRO |
BUS |
JUST |
A Guest |
Geo Group Prison Industry
Hacked & Defaced By Anonymous On #Fuckfbifriday Umad?? |
|
Anonymous hacked The Geo
Group website: "As part of our ongoing efforts to dismantle the prison
industrial complex, we attacked one of the largest private prison
corporations in the US – Geo Group. Despite the well documented history of
corruption, scandal, and atrocities that companies like GEO perpetuate each
and every minute our friends are locked behind their prison walls, the
private prison industry is still booming" [hashtags: #anonymous,
#antisec, #fuckfbifriday, #occupywallstreet, #freeanons] [source: Pastbin].
The Geo Group 2011 results: revenue, $1.6 billion; net profit, $77.5 million
[source: AFP,
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gBwPi3Q43wMi5Ab1AFaNymZ2-6sw]. |
Pastebin |
|
105 |
|
24-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
REL |
|
Fresh Anti-US Protests Erupt in Afghanistan |
|
21-24-Feb-2012: Afghanistan: thousands protest
against burning of Qurans; ≥22 people, including 2 Americans, were
killed |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
106 |
|
24-Feb-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
7 al-Shabab
Militants Killed in Somalia Airstrike |
|
Somalia: an
airstrike killed 7 al-Shabab members; al-Shabab is linked to al-Qaida |
VOA News |
|
107 |
|
25-Feb-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
At Least 17 Killed In Nigeria Violence |
|
Nigeria: bombings and shootings killed 17 people,
including 5 worshipers |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
108 |
|
25-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Edward Yeranian |
Car Bomb
Detonates, Kills 26 as Yemen Swears in President |
|
Yemen: suicide
car-bombing at the presidential compound killed ≥26 people |
VOA News |
|
109 |
|
26-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
GOV |
|
Syria holds vote on new constitution |
|
Syria: Syrians voted on a new constitution; violence
has reportedly killed >7,600 people |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
110 |
|
26-Feb-12 |
PRO |
|
|
MPOPPEL |
WikiLeaks begins publishing
5 million emails from STRATFOR [Via BNO News Wire Service] |
|
MPOPPEL: "WikiLeaks
began publishing The Global Intelligence Files – more than five million
emails from the Texas-headquartered "global intelligence" company
Stratfor. . . Government and diplomatic sources from around the world give
Stratfor advance knowledge of global politics and events in exchange for
money. The Global Intelligence Files exposes how Stratfor has recruited a
global network of informants who are paid via Swiss banks accounts and
pre-paid credit cards. Stratfor has a mix of covert and overt informants,
which includes government employees, embassy staff and journalists around the
world. . ." |
Pastebin |
|
111 |
|
26-Feb-12 |
PRO |
BANK |
GOV |
A Guest |
PROJECT MAYHEM 2012 LOLOKAUST: DHS, Y U NO LOL AT
#PM2012? |
|
Project Mayhem 2012: "RU READY 4 TEH LOLOKAUST?
. . . Imagine the corrupt start to Fear Us. Imagine corrupt Banksters start
to Fear Us. Imagine corrupt Governments start to Fear Us. ✔ CHECK.
Imagine corrupt Corporations start to Fear Us. . ." |
Pastebin |
|
112 |
|
27-Feb-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
LAW |
|
Scores reported dead in
Syria violence |
|
Syria: violence throughout
Syria killed reportedly >125 people, including ≥64 in Homs; despite
the violence, 89.4% of voters in a referendum voted for a new constitution
allowing for a multiparty system (57.4% of eligible voters voted) |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
113 |
|
27-Feb-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
Brian Padden |
Suicide Attack Kills 9 Amid Protests in Afghanistan |
|
Afghanistan: suicide car bombing killed ≥9
people; a series of attacks were triggered by the accidental burning of
Qurans by U.S. soldiers |
VOA News |
|
114 |
|
27-Feb-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Anne Look |
Christian Youths
Kill 2 Muslims In Nigeria Church Bombing Revenge |
|
Nigeria:
Christians killed 2 Muslims in revenge for a bombing by Islamists of a church
in which 3 people were killed and a Christmas day bombing of a Catholic
church that killed ≥37 people |
VOA News |
|
115 |
|
28-Feb-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Gunmen Kill 18 Shi'ites in NW Pakistan |
|
Pakistan: gunmen ambushed a bus and killed 18 of it's
Shia passangers |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
116 |
|
28-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
|
St Paul's protest: Occupy
London camp evicted |
|
London, UK: police and
bailiffs evicted anti-capitalist protesters and removed tents from the Occupy
London camp at St Paul's Cathedral |
BBC News |
|
117 |
|
28-Feb-12 |
VIO |
EDU |
|
Sabrina Tavernise; Jennifer Preston. Contributor: Jess Bidgood |
Third Student Dies After Shooting at High School in
Ohio |
|
27-Feb-12: shooting rampage at a high school in Ohio
killed 3 students |
NYT |
|
118 |
|
28-Feb-12 |
PRO |
MIL |
VIO |
Liz Sly |
13 Syrians die attempting to
rescue foreign journalists from Homs |
|
Syria: security forces
ambushed opposition activists who were trying to smuggle foreign journalists
out of Homs; 13 activists were killed; violence reportedly killed a total of
102 people across Syria |
Washington Post |
|
119 |
|
28-Feb-12 |
PRO |
SEC |
WWW |
|
Hackers reportedly linked to ‘Anonymous’ group
targeted in global operation supported by INTERPOL |
|
Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Spain: 25 suspected
members of Anonymous were arrested in an operation supported by INTERPOL |
INTERPOL |
|
120 |
|
29-Feb-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
DEBT |
Raf Casert |
Unions protest on eve of EU
summit |
|
Belgium, Spain, Greece:
unions protest against unfair austerity measures imposed by creditors |
AJC: AP |
|
121 |
|
29-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Lisa Schlein |
More Than 1,000 Chadian Migrants Flee Fighting in
Nigeria |
|
Nigeria: according to the International Organization
for Migration (IOM), >1,000 Chadian migrants have fled from violence |
VOA News |
|
122 |
|
29-Feb-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
China Accuses
Ethnic Separatists in Xinjiang Killings |
|
China accused
separatists in the Uighur region of killing ≥20 people; Uighurs accused
China of "systematic repression" |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
123 |
|
1-Mar-12 |
PRO |
BUS |
LAW |
Peter Fedynsky |
Occupy Movement Turns Anger Towards Individual
Corporations |
|
The Occupy Wall Street movement is targeting
corporations it alleges are corrupt; also targeted is the American
Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) – an organization corporations are using
to allegedly "get state legislators to vote their way on bills" |
VOA News |
|
124 |
|
2-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Nigeria's MEND
claims fatal attack on police |
|
Nigeria: Movement
for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) claimed responsibility for
killing 4 police officers on 1-Mar-12 |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
125 |
|
4-Mar-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
FIN |
Keith B. Richburg. Contributor: Zhang Jie |
China military spending to top $100 billion this year |
|
China: military spending to increase to ~$106 billion
in 2012 (up 11% YOY). Defense budget as percent of GDP: China, 1.28%; U.S.,
>2%; UK, >2%. |
Washington Post |
|
126 |
|
4-Mar-12 |
ACC |
MIL |
|
|
Brazzaville munitions dump
blasts 'kill scores' |
|
Democratic Republic of
Congo: explosions at an arms dump in Brazzaville killed ≥150 people |
BBC News |
|
127 |
|
4-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Southern Yemen Fighting Kills 35 Soldiers, 20
al-Qaida Militants |
|
Yemen: car bombings and fighting between government
troops and al-Qaida members killed ≥35 soldiers and 20 militants |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
128 |
|
5-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
106 dead in Yemen fighting
between al-Qaida and army; 55 troops taken prisoner |
|
Yemen: Al-Qaida militants
attacked army bases, killing 78 soldiers; 28 militants were also killed |
Washington Post: AP |
|
129 |
|
5-Mar-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
|
Iraqi forces targeted in deadly attacks |
|
Iraq: a series of attacks on checkpoints in Haditha
killed ≥27 members of Iraq's security forces |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
130 |
|
5-Mar-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
Ellen Barry; Michael
Schwirtz. Contributors: David M. Herszenhorn; Glenn Kates; Anastasia
Sadovskaya; David Carr from Moscow; Steven Lee Myers |
After Election, Putin Faces
Challenges to Legitimacy |
|
Moscow, Russia: ~15,000
people protest against the government |
NYT |
|
131 |
|
5-Mar-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
NUC |
Dana Milbank |
AIPAC beats the drums of war |
|
Dana Milbank: "Now Israel is moving toward a
preemptive strike on Iran’s nuclear program, and American leaders are coming
before AIPAC this week to give their blessings." |
Washington
Post-Opinions |
|
132 |
|
6-Mar-12 |
LAW |
PRO |
|
Kim Zetter. Contributors:
David Kravets; Ryan Singel |
LulzSec Leader Was Snitch
Who Helped Snag Fellow Hackers |
|
A member of LulzSec (online
name "Sabu"), who was "secretly arrested," reportedly
helped authorities arrest other hacker members of the group. |
WIRED |
|
133 |
|
6-Mar-12 |
LAW |
PRO |
|
|
Six Hackers in the United States and Abroad Charged
for Crimes Affecting Over One Million Victims: Four Principal Members of
“Anonymous” and “LulzSec” Charged with Computer Hacking and Fifth Member
Pleads Guilty; “AntiSec” Member also Charged with Stealing Confidential
Information from Approximately 860,000 Clients and Subscribers of Stratfor |
|
FBI: "Five computer hackers . . . were charged
today, and a sixth pled guilty, for computer hacking and other crimes. The
six hackers identified themselves as aligned with the group Anonymous . . .
and/or offshoot groups related to Anonymous, including “Internet Feds,”
“LulzSec,” and “AntiSec.”" |
FBI |
|
134 |
|
6-Mar-12 |
PRO |
SEX |
|
Gabe Joselow |
Nairobi Sex Workers Hit
Streets to Demand Rights |
|
Kenya: sex workers demand
respect for their basic human rights |
VOA News |
|
135 |
|
6-Mar-12 |
MIL |
VIO |
|
Paul Joseph Watson |
Leaked Email: Pentagon Admits Plan To Direct Terror
Attacks Inside Syria |
|
Wikileaks' Stratfor data dump: leaked email: US is
preparing to “commit guerrilla attacks, assassination campaigns” to topple
Assad |
Information
Liberation |
|
136 |
|
7-Mar-12 |
VIO |
HEAL |
|
Will Englund |
Teens choosing death in
Russia |
|
Countries with the highest
teenage suicide rates: 1. Belarus; 2. Kazakhstan; 3. Russia; Russia's teenage
suicide rate is ~5 per day (>4 times that of the United States) |
NYT |
|
137 |
|
7-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Six UK soldiers killed in Afghanistan explosion |
|
Afghanistan: an explosion killed 6 UK soldiers; the
UK military death toll since 2001 is 404 |
BBC News |
|
138 |
|
7-Mar-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
SEC |
Jaikumar Vijayan |
Anonymous takes down
security firm's website, vows to fight on after arrests |
|
Undaunted, and, apparently,
in a challenge to the FBI, Anonymous took down Panda Security's PandaLabs
website |
Computerworld |
|
139 |
|
7-Mar-12 |
GOV |
VIO |
|
Belen Fernandez [@MariaBelen_Fdez] |
A world map without Lebanon: Press reports indicate
that Israel is planning another war against Lebanon |
|
Lebanon: response of Lebanese President Michel
Sleiman to existential threats from Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu
[as outlined in Daily Star, 24-Feb-2012]: "The statement from the
[Lebanese] presidential palace mentioned that during a news conference in
Switzerland, Netanyahu said it is not a secret that Israel will attack
Lebanon, adding that it will do so with the support of the United States, the
West and Arab states from the Gulf. He was also reported to have said that
'in the new world map there is no state called Lebanon'" |
Al Jazeera |
|
140 |
|
7-Mar-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
|
Thousands march as South
Africans strike |
|
South Africa: thousands of
people protested against exorbitant e-tolling and "labour broking,"
a kind of "modern day slavery"; 25% of South Africa's labour force
is unemployed |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
141 |
|
7-Mar-12 |
PRO |
REL |
|
A Guest |
Vatican.va TANGO DOWN |
|
Anonymous took down Vatican websites: "Anonymous
has now decided to lay siege to your site in response to the doctrines,
liturgies and the precepts absurd and anachronistic that your organization is
for profit (Roman Apostolic Church) propagates and spreads worldwide. . .
This is NOT intended to attack the true Christian religion and the faithful
around the world, but to the corrupt Roman Apostolic Church and all its
emanations." |
Pastebin |
|
142 |
|
8-Mar-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
LAW |
|
America's
Authoritarian Turn: Speaking truth to power becomes a crime |
|
Adbusters Blog:
"Ever since the rise of Occupy, corporatist authorities have been trying
to figure how to squash our emerging social movement. . . Now they are trying
the new tactic of “lawfare” – using draconian laws to squash free speech in a
last ditch effort to put an end to people power." President Obama signed
bill H.R. 347 into law on 9-Mar-2012. The bill "makes it a federal crime
to disrupt “Government business or official functions” or to enter any
building where a “person protected by the Secret Service is or will be
temporarily visiting.” " |
Adbusters |
|
143 |
|
9-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Khaled Yacoub Oweis |
Syrian forces kill dozens ahead of peace mission |
|
Syria: Syrian forces subdued demonstrations against
President Bashar al-Assad and killed ≥54 people |
Washington Post:
Reuters |
|
144 |
|
10-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Death toll climbs after
Israeli raids on Gaza |
|
Gaza: Israeli air strikes
killed ≥15 Palestinians |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
145 |
|
10-Mar-12 |
PRO |
|
|
|
Russians Rally Against Putin, But in Smaller Numbers |
|
Moscow, Russia: ~20,000 protesters (down from
>100,000 in the last democracy rally) demonstrated against President-elect
Vladimir Putin |
VOA News |
|
146 |
|
10-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
10 Suspected
Militants Killed in Yemen Raid |
|
Yemen: air strikes
killed ≥10 suspected al-Qaida militants |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
147 |
|
11-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
At least 39 militants dead in Pakistan gunfight:
officials |
|
Pakistan: a gun battle killed ≥39 militants and
4 Pakistani troops |
The West Australian:
AFP |
|
148 |
|
11-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
15 Killed in Pakistan
Funeral Blast |
|
Pakistan: a suicide bomber
targeted a funeral attended by an anti-Taliban politician and killed
≥15 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
149 |
|
11-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
US Service Member Kills At Least 16 Afghan Civilians |
|
Afghanistan: a U.S. service member shot and killed at
least 16 Afghan civilians |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
150 |
|
11-Mar-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
DEBT |
|
Hundreds of
thousands protest austerity measures in Spain |
|
Spain: hundreds of
thousands of people protest against austerity measures in 60 cities across
Spain |
USA Today: AP |
|
151 |
|
12-Mar-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Archbishop of Jos: Religious leaders must bring down
tension in Nigeria |
|
11-Mar-2012: Nigeria: a suicide car bomber attacked a
Catholic church in Jos killing ≥10 people |
Vatican Radio |
|
152 |
|
12-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
More Than 100 Dead
in South Sudan Tribal Fighting |
|
South Sudan: death
toll from tribal hostilities: ≥100 people |
VOA News |
|
153 |
|
13-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Massacre' in Homs as Idlib endures assault |
|
Syria: death toll for "massacre" in Homs on
11-Mar-2012: ≥16 people (according to the Syrian Observatory for Human
Rights); 45 people (according to the Local Co-ordination Committees) |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
154 |
|
13-Mar-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
|
Imam dies in arson
attack on Belgian mosque |
|
Belgium: arson
attack on a Shia mosque killed its imam. |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
155 |
|
14-Mar-12 |
BANK |
ELITE |
PRO |
Greg Smith |
Why I Am Leaving Goldman Sachs |
|
Greg Smith resigned as a Goldman Sachs executive
director and head of the firm’s U.S. equity derivatives business in Europe,
the Middle East and Africa: "TODAY is my last day at Goldman Sachs. .
. I can honestly say that the
environment now is as toxic and destructive as I have ever seen it. . . When
the history books are written about Goldman Sachs, they may reflect that the
current chief executive officer, Lloyd C. Blankfein, and the president, Gary
D. Cohn, lost hold of the firm’s culture on their watch. I truly believe that
this decline in the firm’s moral fiber represents the single most serious
threat to its long-run survival. . . Today, if you make enough money for the
firm (and are not currently an ax murderer) you will be promoted into a
position of influence. . . It astounds me how little senior management gets a
basic truth: If clients don’t trust you they will eventually stop doing
business with you. It doesn’t matter how smart you are." |
NYT-Op Ed |
|
156 |
|
15-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Death Toll Mounts as Syria
Marks Uprising Anniversary |
|
Syria: Syrian forces
continue to crack down on dissent; ≥23 were reportedly killed |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
157 |
|
15-Mar-12 |
PRO |
EDU |
SEC |
|
Over 100 arrested at unruly Montreal anti-police
protest |
|
Montreal: ~1,000 people demonstrated against police
brutality and tuition hikes; violence and confrontation with police was
reported; >100 people were arrested |
The Globe &
Mail: The Canadian Press |
|
158 |
|
16-Mar-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
David Ignatius |
The bin Laden plot
to kill President Obama |
|
Documents
reportedly found in Osama bin Laden’s compound by U.S. forces on 2-May-2011
reveal that bin Laden was hatching a plot to kill President Obama and Gen.
David H. Petraeus |
Washington Post |
|
159 |
|
17-Mar-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
|
Deadly car bombs hit Syrian capital |
|
Syria: 2 car bombs targeting intelligence and
security buildings in Damascus killed ≥27 people |
CBC News-AP |
|
160 |
|
18-Mar-12 |
MIL |
COMP |
WWW |
Ellen Nakashima |
U.S. accelerating
cyberweapon research |
|
The Pentagon
spends ~$3.4 billion per year on cybersecurity and cybertechnology; the
budget of the U.S. Cyber Command in 2012 is $154 million |
Washington Post |
|
161 |
|
19-Mar-12 |
RES |
MIL |
MKT |
|
Rise in international arms transfers is driven by
Asian demand, says SIPRI [Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2011: Paul
Holtom, Mark Bromley, Pieter D. Wezeman and Siemon T. Wezeman]
|
|
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI): the volume of worldwide arms transfers in 2007-2011 was 24% higher
than in 2002-2006. The 5 biggest suppliers in 2007-11 were: 1. the United
States (30% of international arms exports; up 24% between 2002-2006 and
2007-2011); 2. Russia (24%; up 12%); 3. Germany (9%; up 37%); 4. France (8%;
up 12%); 5. the United Kingdom (4%; up 2%). The 5 largest recipients of arms
in 2007-2011 were: 1. India (10% of global arms imports); 2. South Korea
(6%); 3. Pakistan (5%); 4. China (5%); 5. Singapore (4%). China has become
the 6th largest supplier of arms in the world; Chinese arms exports increased
by 95% from 2002-2006 to 2007-11. |
Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute |
|
162 |
|
19-Mar-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
|
5 Killed in Attack Near
Somali Presidential Palace |
|
Somalia: al-Shabab attacked
the presidential palace in Mogadishu and killed ≥5 people |
VOA News-Reuters |
|
163 |
|
19-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Intense Fighting Rocks Syrian Capital |
|
Syria: rebels attacked an upscale area of Damascus; 2
rebels and a security force member were killed [source: SANA] |
VOA News |
|
164 |
|
20-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Alice Fordham; Aziz Alwan |
Dozens killed in attacks
across Iraq ahead of Arab League summit |
|
Iraq: a series of bombing
and shooting attacks killed ≥49 people in 8 cities |
Washington Post |
|
165 |
|
20-Mar-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
DS |
Series of attacks in Iraq, dozens of dead. Church of
St Mathew in Baghdad targeted |
|
Iraq: the Syrian Orthodox Church of St. Matthew in
Baghdad was targeted in bombings by Iraqi extremists on 20-Mar-2012 -- the
9th anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Iraq |
AsiaNews.it |
|
166 |
|
22-Mar-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Suspect's killing ends
French siege |
|
11-22-Mar-2012: Toulouse,
France: Gunman who allegedly killed 7 [3 French soldiers, 3 Jewish children
and a rabbi] is shot dead |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
167 |
|
22-Mar-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
|
|
UN Security Council Condemns Mali Coup |
|
Mali: coup toppled President Amadou Toumani Toure's
government |
VOA News |
|
168 |
|
23-Mar-12 |
PRO |
REL |
FREE |
Barbara Bradley
Hagerty |
Thousands Rally
For Religious Freedom Nationwide |
|
"Stand Up For
Religious Freedom" rallies: thousands of people rallied across the U.S.
against a perceived threat to religious liberties |
NPR |
|
169 |
|
24-Mar-12 |
PRO |
JUST |
|
Ovetta Wiggins |
Demonstrators at Freedom Plaza rally in memory of
Trayvon Martin |
|
U.S.: people seeking justice demonstrate in memory of
Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old Floridian killed by a neighborhood watch
volunteer on 26-Feb-2012; millions of people support Martin via social media |
NYT |
|
170 |
|
24-Mar-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
MIL |
Shahar Chai |
Tel Aviv: 1,000
march against Iran strike |
|
Tel Aviv: ~1,000
Israeli protesters rallied against bombing Iran's nuclear facilities |
Ynet News |
|
171 |
|
26-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
At Least 5 Killed After Syrian Security Forces Shell
Homs |
|
Syria: security forces reportedly bombarded Homs,
killing ≥5 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
172 |
|
26-Mar-12 |
VIO |
NATO |
|
Ernesto Londońo.
Contributors: Karla Adam; Anthony Faiola; Craig Whitlock |
Afghan forces
fatally shoot 3 NATO troops in Afghanistan |
|
Afghanistan:
Afghan soldiers killed 3 NATO troops |
Washington Post |
|
173 |
|
29-Mar-12 |
PRO |
LAW |
JOBS |
Lauren Frayer. Contributor: Henry Chu |
In Spain, millions join strike to protest labor
reforms |
|
Spain: millions of Spaniards protested against new
labor laws favoring companies [dismantling of collective bargaining; low
wages; job cuts] and other austerity measures imposed by lenders; violence
against financial institutions was reported; ~25% of the Spanish workforce
and almost 50% of people under 25 are unemployed |
Los Angeles Times |
|
174 |
|
30-Mar-12 |
PRO |
LAW |
MIL |
|
Israeli forces face
Palestinian 'Land Day' protests |
|
Jerusalem: "Land
Day" protest: ~15,000 Palestinians protested against Israeli
discriminatory land policies |
USA Today: AP |
|
175 |
|
30-Mar-12 |
SEC |
WWW |
PRO |
Somini Sengupta |
Warned of an Attack on the Internet, and Getting
Ready |
|
The Domain Name System has been preparing to protect
the Internet's infrastructue, including root servers, against a possible
Operation Global Blackout by Anonymous; there are 13 root servers worldwide |
NYT |
|
176 |
|
31-Mar-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Clashes in Yemen
Leave 30 Dead |
|
Yemen: ≥30
people were killed in clashes between military forces and suspected
al-Qaeda-linked militants |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
177 |
|
1-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Tribal clashes in southern Libya kill scores |
|
Libya: ≥147 people were killed in 1 week in
clashes between Tobou fighters and Arab tribespeople |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
178 |
|
1-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
3 Killed in Afghan
Blast |
|
Afghanistan: a
roadside bomb killed 2 local council members and a police officer |
VOA News |
|
179 |
|
3-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Matthew Rosenberg |
Taliban Attacks Kill 9 Afghan Police Officers |
|
2-3-Apr-2012: Afghanistan: Taliban attacks killed 9
Afghan police officers; 14 are also missing |
NYT |
|
180 |
|
4-Apr-12 |
VIO |
EDU |
|
Maria L. La Ganga; Victoria
Kim. Contributors: Ashley Powers; Lee Romney; Matt Stevens |
Oakland college gunman
sought to settle score, police say |
|
A South Korean national
allegedly shot and killed 6 students and a secretary at Oikos University, a
small Christian college |
Los Angeles Times |
|
181 |
|
4-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Mohammed Yusuf |
Suicide Bomber Kills 8 in Somali Capital |
|
Somalia: a female suicide bomber targeted the Somali
National Theater in Mogadishu and killed ≥8 people; the Islamist group
al-Shabab claimed responsibility |
VOA News |
|
182 |
|
4-Apr-12 |
GOV |
NUC |
VIO |
Catherine Hickley;
Manuela Hoelterhoff (ed.) |
Nobelist Grass
Says Nuclear-Power Israel Threatens Peace |
|
In the poem titled
“What Has to Be Said,” Guenter Grass, the Nobel Prize winning author of “The
Tin Drum," claims that Israel is threatening world peace [see
http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/gedicht-zum-konflikt-zwischen-israel-und-iran-was-gesagt-werden-muss-1.1325809]
[for a translation of the poem, see Heather Horn, "Gunter Grass's
Controversial Poem About Israel, Iran, and War, Translated," The
Atlantic, 6-Apr-2012,
http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/gunter-grasss-controversial-poem-about-israel-iran-and-war-translated/255549/] |
Bloomberg |
|
183 |
|
7-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Syria warned as daily death toll hits 100 |
|
Syria: according to activists, >100 people were
killed, including ≥87 civilians |
CBC News: AP |
|
184 |
|
8-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
6 Colombian
Soldiers Killed in FARC Ambush |
|
Columbia: rebels
from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) ambushed and killed 6
soldiers; 3 rebels were also killed |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
185 |
|
9-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Nigerian Easter Bombing Death Toll Rises to 36 |
|
Nigeria: a suicide car bombing near a church on
8-Apr-2012 killed ≥36 people; the Islamist group Boko Haram is
reportedly suspected ("Boko Haram" means "Western education is
a sin" in the Hausa language) |
VOA News |
|
186 |
|
9-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Blast Kills At
Least 10 in Somali Town |
|
Somalia: a blast
killed ≥11 people |
VOA News |
|
187 |
|
10-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Activists deny Syrian claim of pullout |
|
Syria: according to the Syrian National Council, 160
people were killed on 9-Apr-2012, and 1,000 people in 8 days |
Fox News: AP |
|
188 |
|
10-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Ahmed Al-Haj |
127 killed in 2 days of
clashes in southern Yemen |
|
9-10-Apr-2012: Yemen: the
death toll from clashes between al-Qaida-linked militants and the Yemeni
military is 127 |
AP |
|
189 |
|
10-Apr-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
Sayed Salahuddin |
Bomb attacks in Afghanistan leave at least 18 police,
civilians dead |
|
Afghanistan: a series of suicide attacks killed
≥18 people, including police and civilians |
Washington Post |
|
190 |
|
10-Apr-12 |
GOV |
SEC |
VIO |
|
Iran Disbands Sophisticated
Israeli Terror Network |
|
Iran: the Iranian
Intelligence Ministry said its forces "have discovered and disbanded a
large and sophisticated Israeli terror and sabotage network"; more
specifically, it said its forces "have discovered one of the biggest
terror and sabotage networks of the Quds Occupying Regime (Israel) and
protected cells of its operatives and arrested groups of criminal terrorists
and mercenaries cooperating with them" |
FARS News Agency |
|
191 |
|
10-Apr-12 |
PRO |
NUC |
|
|
German Politician Lambasts Israel for Military
Threats against Iran |
|
FNA: "The spokesman for the German peace
movement, Peter Strutynski, criticized the Zionist regime for its ongoing
military threats against Iran. . . Thousands of people took to the streets in
80 German cities over the past four days as part of the country's traditional
Easter peace marches to express support for Grass who has faced the wrath of
the Zionist regime and its German lobby for his unprecedented criticism of
Israel" |
FARS News Agency |
|
192 |
|
11-Apr-12 |
GOV |
VIO |
|
Liz Sly.
Contributor: Karen DeYoung |
U.N.-brokered
cease-fire appears to take hold in Syria |
|
Syria: cease-fire
brokered by the United Nations takes effect; the government reserves the
right to retaliate against “armed terrorist groups" |
Washington Post |
|
193 |
|
12-Apr-12 |
PRO |
FIN |
MKT |
Colin Moynihan |
Evicted From Park, Occupy Protesters Take to
Sidewalks |
|
Occupy: planning nightly "sleep-outs" along
sidewalks around the New York Stock Exchange |
NYT |
|
194 |
|
13-Apr-12 |
UN |
PRO |
VIO |
|
UN team ready for Syria
deployment |
|
Syria: the United Nations is
ready to deploy a team of 30 unarmed military observers to monitor the
ceasefire; anti-government protests and scattered violence were reported.
According to the UN, >9,000 people have been killed since anti-government
protests began in Ma-2011; according to authorities, ~2,500 security forces
and police have been killed. |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
195 |
|
13-Apr-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
MIL |
Leila Fadel |
In Egypt, Islamists protest Mubarak-era officials
seeking presidency |
|
Egypt: thousands of Islamists protested in Tahrir
Square against the candidacies of Mubarak-era officials in the presidential
election to be held on 23-May-2012 |
Washington Post |
|
196 |
|
13-Apr-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
SEC |
|
Concern over
Guinea-Bissau 'coup' |
|
12-Apr-2012:
military-backed coup in Guinea-Bissau |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
197 |
|
14-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Yemen Post Staff |
5 Troops, 8 Militants Killed In Checkpoint Attack In
South Yemen |
|
Yemen: al-Qaida-linked militants attacked a military
checkpoint and killed ≥5 troops; * militants were also killed |
Yemen Post |
|
198 |
|
14-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Sudan air raid kills 'five' |
|
South Sudan: Sudanese air
bombing targeting a bridge killed 5 traders |
AFP |
|
199 |
|
14-Apr-12 |
UN |
MIL |
|
|
Syria: Security Council authorizes deployment of
advance military observer team |
|
United Nations: the Security Council adopted a
resolution authorizing the sending of up to 30 unarmed military observers to
Syria; the observers will report on the implementation of a full cessation of
armed violence; a UN supervision mission will be deployed next |
UN News Centre |
|
200 |
|
15-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
NATO |
Brian Padden |
Taliban Attack
Afghan Parliament, NATO Bases, and Western Embassies |
|
Afghanistan:
Taliban militants launched a series of attacks targeting NATO bases, the
parliament, and Western embassies |
VOA News |
|
201 |
|
16-Apr-12 |
VIO |
JUST |
|
Selah Hennessy |
Norwegian Killer Pleads Not Guilty in Court |
|
Oslo, Norway: Anders Behring Breivik, a militant
anti-Islamic extremist, admited to killing 77 people – and pleaded "not
guilty" |
VOA News |
|
202 |
|
16-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
NATO |
Brian Padden |
Afghan Forces
Repel 18 Hour Attack in Kabul |
|
Afghanistan:
Afghan and international forces put down 18-hour attacks targeting embassies,
government buildings and NATO bases; >30 insurgents were killed |
VOA News |
|
203 |
|
17-Apr-12 |
GOV |
VIO |
|
|
Syrian Forces Widen Attacks as Cease-Fire Unravels |
|
Syria: despite cease-fire, 2 people were reportedly
killed |
VOA News |
|
204 |
|
17-Apr-12 |
VIO |
JUST |
|
|
Norway gunman Anders Breivik
grins at massacre trial – 'Goodness, not evil' motivated shootings, killer
tells Oslo court |
|
Norway: gunman Anders
Behring Breivik – an anti-Muslim extremist – maintained he massacred 77
people out of "goodness, not evil"; he claimed his attacks are
comparable to the U.S. atom bombing Japan in order to end World War II; and
cocluded "I therefore demand to be found innocent of the present
charges" |
CBC News: AP |
|
205 |
|
17-Apr-12 |
VIO |
HEAL |
EDU |
|
Afghan schoolgirls poisoned in alleged attack |
|
Afghanistan: ~150 schoolgirls drank poisoned water at
their high school; hardliners who oppose female education are suspected |
Al Jazeera: Agencies |
|
206 |
|
18-Apr-12 |
MIL |
VIO |
|
David Zucchino |
U.S. troops posed
with body parts of Afghan bombers |
|
The Los Angeles
Times published photos released by an American soldier of U.S. soldiers
posing with corpses [othe misconducts include: U.S. Marines urinating on
Afghan corpses; copies of the Koran inadvertantly burnt at a U.S. base; a
U.S. Army sergeant killing 17 people in a shooting rampage] |
Los Angeles Times |
|
207 |
|
19-Apr-12 |
SPACE |
SCIE |
MIL |
|
India Declares Itself Major Missile Power |
|
India successfully test-fired Agni-V, a new missile
capable of delivering a nuclear warhead to Beijing Shangai, and Moscow. Agni
V specifications: range, 45,000 km; payload, 1,360.78 kg |
VOA News |
|
208 |
|
19-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Edward Yeranian |
Dozens Killed in Iraq
Bombings |
|
Iraq: multiple explosions
killed ≥ 35 people |
VOA News |
|
209 |
|
19-Apr-12 |
MIL |
TECH |
|
Steve Herman |
South Korea Says New Missile Can Hit Any Target in
North |
|
South Korea is deploying a new cruise missile capable
of hitting any target in North Korea; the missile's range is >1,000 km |
VOA News |
|
210 |
|
20-Apr-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
EDU |
Carolyn King |
Students Stage Violent Riot
in Montreal |
|
Montreal, Canada: hundreds
of students protested against tuition hikes and clashed with riot police; 14
people were injured; Quebec's Liberal government plans to raise tuition fees
by 75% over 5 years |
WSJ |
|
211 |
|
20-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
OIL |
Mohammed Mukhashaf; Firouz Sedarat; Tim Pearce (ed.) |
UPDATE 1-Yemen says air raids, army kill 27 militants
in south |
|
Yemen: Yemeni army killed 18 militants on
19-Apr-2012; Yemeni air force killed 9 suspected militants in air raids;
militants have sabotaged oil and gas pipelines |
Reuters |
|
212 |
|
20-Apr-12 |
MIL |
SCIE |
TECH |
|
Engineering Review Board
Concludes Review of HTV-2 Second Test Flight – Aerodynamic design validated
and new understanding of thermal material properties gained |
|
U.S.: Air Force Maj. Chris
Schulz, on the review of data from the 2nd flight of DARPA’s Hypersonic
Technology Vehicle (HTV-2) traveling at ~13,000 miles/hour: "Data
collected during the second test flight revealed new knowledge about
thermal-protective material properties and uncertainties for Mach 20 flight
inside the atmosphere, which can now be used to adjust our assumptions based
on actual flight data and modify our modeling and simulation to better
characterize thermal uncertainties and determine how to assess integrated
thermal systems." The ultimate goal of the Conventional Prompt Global
Strike initiatives executed by the Office of the Secretary of Defense,
Acquisition, Technology & Logistics, Strategic Warfare directorate is "to
have the capability to reach anywhere in the world in less than one
hour." |
DARPA |
|
213 |
|
20-Apr-12 |
PRO |
MIL |
POL |
|
Tahrir rally calls for end to military rule |
|
Egypt: thousands of people demonstrated against
military rule and ex-Mubarak officials taking part in the presidential
election scheduled for May 23-24, 2012. |
Al Jazeera-Agencies |
|
214 |
|
20-Apr-12 |
PRO |
MEDIA |
SEC |
Ellen Nakashima |
U.S. Web site
covering China scandal disrupted by cyberattack |
|
19-Apr-2012:
Boxun.com, a U.S.-based web site was disrupted by a cyberattack; Boxun has
covered China’s political scandal implicating Chinese Communist Party
official Bo Xilai |
Washington Post |
|
215 |
|
22-Apr-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
AUTO |
CNN Wire Staff. Contributors: Fred Pleitgen, Salma
Abdelaziz; Becky Anderson; Paul Gittings |
Despite protests, Bahrain Grand Prix races without a
hitch |
|
Bahrain: thousand of protesters demonstrate against
the government; the Bahrain F1 Grand Prix race was unaffected |
CNN |
|
216 |
|
23-Apr-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
POL |
|
China-Russia navy drills
raise new tensions |
|
First joint China-Russia
naval exercises |
The Australian:
AFP-WSJ-AP |
|
217 |
|
23-Apr-12 |
GOV |
VIO |
|
|
Activists: 28 Killed in Syria as UN Monitors Check
Cease-Fire |
|
Syria: government forces reportedly killed ≥28
people in Hama |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
218 |
|
23-Apr-12 |
REL |
PRO |
|
Nina Achmatova |
Moscow, tens of thousands
with Kirill in defense of the faith |
|
22-Apr-2012: Moscow, Russia:
thousands of people rallied in defense of the faith in Russia, organized by
the Moscow Patriarchate to "protect the Church from the attacks of
anti-Russian forces." Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill: "We are under
attack by anti-Russian force. . . The danger is that blasphemy and mockery of
religion are presented as a legitimate expression of human freedom, which
must be protected in modern society." |
AsiaNews.it |
|
219 |
|
23-Apr-12 |
VIO |
REL |
OIL |
Mohamed Saeed |
Muslim mob burns Catholic church in Sudan capital |
|
Sudan: a Muslim mob of several hundred reportedly
torched a Catholic church in Khartoum; hostilities between Sudan and South
Sudan revolve around oil and borders |
AP |
|
220 |
|
23-Apr-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
EDU |
Marc Bousquet |
The Biggest
Student Uprising You’ve Never Heard Of |
|
Montreal, Canada:
report by Marc Bousquet in The Chronicle: over 300,000 college and university
students rallied on 22-Mar-2012 to protest against the government’s plan to
raise tuition fees by 75% over 5 years; educational facilities have been
shuttered throughout Quebec since Feb-2012; almost 180,000 students remain on
picket lines as of 23-Apr-2012 – yet media coverage of "The Biggest
Student Uprising You’ve Never Heard Of" remains trivial |
The Chronicle |
|
221 |
|
24-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
H. Zain; Ghossoun |
Armed Terrorist Groups Detonate Explosive Device in
al-Merjeh Area, Assassinate Retired Lieutenant Colonel and His Brother |
|
Syria: SANA: "an armed terrorist group
assassinated a retired Lieutenant Colonel and his brother in Jedaydet
al-Fadel" |
Syrian Arab News
Agency |
|
222 |
|
24-Apr-12 |
MIL |
NUC |
|
Ben Piven |
Iran and Israel:
Comparing military machines |
|
Israel vs. Iran:
military powers compared. Strategic missiles: Iran, 10,000; [Israel is
believed to have submarine launched nuclear-capable cruise missiles
[Wikipedia]]. Maximum missile range: Israels' Jericho-3, 5,000km; Iran's
Sajjil-2, 2,400km. Nuclear warheads: Israel, ~200; Iran, 0. David Roberts,
deputy director at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI): "the
Israelis don't have enough planes and enough of the right bombs to
significantly set back whatever is going on in Iran . . . I don't think it's
a very sensible thing to do. There should be no [illusion] that Israel can
unilaterally put an end to the Iranian nuclear programme." (Sources:
Reuters, CIA Factbook, Jane's Defence, GlobalFirepower) |
Al Jazeera |
|
223 |
|
25-Apr-12 |
SPACE |
SCIE |
MIL |
|
Pakistan Successfully Test Fires Upgraded Missile |
|
24-Apr-2012: Pakistan successfully test-fired an
upgraded Shaheen-1 missile |
VOA News-Reuters |
|
224 |
|
26-Apr-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
|
Greg Jaffe; Emily Heil.
Contriutor: Chico Harlan |
U.S. comes to agreement with
Japan to move 9,000 Marines off Okinawa |
|
The U.S. and Japanese
governments to move ~9,000 Marines off Okinawa to other bases in the Western
Pacific |
Washington Post |
|
225 |
|
26-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Syria Government, Opponents Trade Blame Over Massive
Blast |
|
Syria: massive explosion in Hama killed ≥16
people; the Syrian government blamed "terrorists" |
VOA News |
|
226 |
|
26-Apr-12 |
VIO |
MEDIA |
|
Heather Murdock |
Newspaper Office Bombings
Kill 7 in Nigeria |
|
Nigeria: bomb attacks
targeting Nigeria’s most prominent newspapers killed 7 people |
VOA News |
|
227 |
|
26-Apr-12 |
PRO |
BANK |
SEC |
Max Abelson; David Scheer (ed.) |
Wall Street Tracks ‘Wolves’ as May 1 Protests Loom |
|
World’s biggest banks are reportedly working together
and with the police "to gather intelligence as protesters try to
rejuvenate the Occupy Wall Street movement"; JPMorgan gave the New York
City Police Foundation starting 2010 "a gift, valued at $4.6 million,
includ[ing] 1,000 patrol car laptops" |
Bloomberg |
|
228 |
|
26-Apr-12 |
PRO |
EDU |
MON |
|
Quebec government
rejects plan to resume student talks |
|
Montreal, Canada:
students protested tuition hikes and clashed with police; violence was
reported; 85 people were arrested |
CBC News-Canadian
Press |
|
229 |
|
27-Apr-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
|
At Least 10 Dead After Explosions Rock Syrian Capital |
|
Syria: thousands of protesters called for President
Bashar al-Assad to resign: 2 explosions killed ≥10 people. [See also
"Nine Martyrs, Human Remains and Tens of Injuries in Terrorist Suicide
Bombing in al-Meidan Quarter in Damascus," SANA,
http://www.sana.sy/eng/337/2012/04/27/415345.htm] |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
230 |
|
29-Apr-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Jim Michaels |
1 year after bin Laden's
death: Al-Qaeda 'far from defeated' |
|
Bruce Riedel, of the
Brookings Institution: al-Qaeda remains a potent threat around the world –
and is "far from defeated" |
USA Today |
|
231 |
|
29-Apr-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
|
Phillip Walter Wellman |
Arab States Hold War Games as Tensions With Iran
Mount |
|
Gulf Arab states conduct 2 days of joint military
exercises dubbed "Islands of Loyalty" |
VOA News |
|
232 |
|
29-Apr-12 |
GOV |
WWW |
MIL |
|
Cyber Attack Fails to Hack
Iranian Science Ministry |
|
Iran: Ministry of Science,
Research and Technology: "Despite the frequent efforts made by hackers,
the cyber attack has failed to leave any impact on the data system";
Iran blames the U.S. and Israel for cyberattacks targeting Iran's industrial,
nuclear, and government facilities |
FARS News Agency |
|
233 |
|
29-Apr-12 |
GOV |
MIL |
|
|
Deputy Chief of Iranian Military Warns Arab Leaders
about Costs of Territorial Claims |
|
Iran: Brigadier General Massoud Jazzayeri, Deputy
Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces for Cultural Affairs and Defense
Publicity: "Challenging and raising doubt about the Persian Gulf is a
futile attempt, and Arab governments and sheikhs in the region should know
that this is a trap laid for them by the enemies of Islam" |
FARS News Agency |
|
234 |
|
29-Apr-12 |
VIO |
REL |
|
Jon Gambrell.
Contributor: Haruna Umar |
21 killed in north
Nigeria church service attacks |
|
Nigeria: gunmen
killed ≥21 people at a church service in Bayero University |
AP |
|
235 |
|
30-Apr-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
Edward Yeranian |
Multiple Blasts Rock Northern Syrian Town |
|
Syria: bomb attacks targeting security buildings in
Idlib killed ≥20 people (casualties not confirmed); Syria's Central
Bank was also attacked; the Syrian government blamed “terrorists” for the
attacks |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
236 |
|
30-Apr-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
|
Suicide Bombing
Kills 11 in Nigeria |
|
Nigeria: suicide
bombing targeting a police official killed 11 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
237 |
|
1-May-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
23 Killed in Syria Attacks as Pressure Mounts on UN
Observers |
|
Syria: violence killed ≥23 people – rebels
killed 12 soldiers; a mortar shell killed 10 people; government troops killed
1 civilian |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
238 |
|
1-May-12 |
VIO |
|
|
Laura King; Aimal Yaqubi |
6 killed in Kabul attack
just after Obama's visit |
|
Afghanistan: gunmen and
bombers attacked a guest-house complex; 6 people were killed |
Los Angeles Times |
|
239 |
|
1-May-12 |
PRO |
|
|
|
May Day Rallies Draw Protesters Around World |
|
Hundreds of thousands of workers mark International
Workers Day with marches and rallies around the world |
VOA News-AFP-Reuters |
|
240 |
|
2-May-12 |
PRO |
VIo |
MIL |
Kareem Fahim; Mayy El Sheikh.
Contributor: Liam Stack |
Fierce Clashes Erupt in
Egypt Ahead of Presidential Vote |
|
Egypt: protesters clashed
with assailants in Cairo; ≥11 people were killed (complicity by the
military suspected) |
NYT |
|
241 |
|
2-May-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
|
Taliban Kills 7 in Kabul After Obama Visit |
|
Afghanistan: Taliban killed 7 in Kabul in response to
president Obama's visit to sign a strategic pact with Hamid Karzai |
VOA News |
|
242 |
|
3-May-12 |
VIO |
MKT |
|
|
At Least 34 Killed in Attack
on Nigerian Cattle Market |
|
Nigeria: gunmen attacked a
cattle market and killed ≥34 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
243 |
|
3-May-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Syrian Forces Raid Aleppo University; 4 Killed |
|
Syria: ~1,500 students at Aleppo University protested
against the Assad family's rule; Syrian forces killed 4 people |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
244 |
|
5-May-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
LAW |
|
9/11 'mastermind' back
before Guantanamo judge |
|
Alleged 9/11 mastermind,
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and his co-defendants to be arraigned at a military
tribunal at Guantanamo Bay |
Fox News-AP |
|
245 |
|
5-May-12 |
PRO |
MIL |
VIO |
|
Calm Returns to Cairo Following Deadly Clashes |
|
Egypt: thousands of demonstrators rallied near the
Defense Ministry in Cairo demanding an immediate end to military rule;
violent clashes with troops were reported; ≥1 soldier was killed, ~300
were injured, and more than 300 people were arrested |
VOA News |
|
246 |
|
5-May-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
Explosions in Syria Leave 5
Dead |
|
Syria: a series of
explosions in Damascus and Aleppo killed ≥5 people; the Syrian
government blamed "terrorists" |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
247 |
|
5-May-12 |
VIO |
|
|
|
23 dead in day of horror for Mexico border city |
|
Mexico: gang violence killed 23 people (14 were
decapitated; 9 were hanged from a bridge); >50,000 people were killed in
gang violence since Dec-2006 |
AFP |
|
248 |
|
5-May-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
|
Carolyn King |
Quebec Student Protests
Flare Into Violence; 11 Injured |
|
4-May-2012: Victoriaville,
Quebec: up to 2,000 protesters rallied against planned tuition hikes; violent
clashes with police were reported |
WSJ |
|
249 |
|
5-May-12 |
PRO |
NUC |
|
Yuri Kageyama |
Thousands march as Japan shuts off nuclear power |
|
Japan: 50 nuclear reactors have been powered down;
thousands of people celebrate |
AP |
|
250 |
|
6-May-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Eight dead in US drone
strike |
|
5-May-2012: Pakistan: a US
drone killed 8 suspected militants in North Waziristan |
Sydney Morning
Herald |
|
251 |
|
6-May-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
|
Jonas Bernstein |
Russian Police, Protesters Clash at Anti-Putin Rally |
|
Russia: ~20,000 protesters rally against President
Vladimir Putin; clashes with police were reported; ≥250 people were
arrested (on 1-May-2012, ≥100,000 people rallied in support of Putin;
the rally was organized by pro-government trade unions and the ruling United
Russia party) |
VOA News |
|
252 |
|
6-May-12 |
GOV |
PRO |
FIN |
Natalie Weeks;
Maria Petrakis; John Fraher (ed.) |
Greek Election
Surprise Rejects ‘Barbarism’ of Bailout Austerity |
|
Greece: election
poll results: Greeks reject austerity: New Democracy won 20% of the vote;
Syriza (Coalition of the Radical Left) won 16%; Socialist Pasok Party won 13%
. . . Alexis Tsipras: "The people of Europe can no longer be reconciled
with the bailouts of barbarism" |
Bloomberg |
|
253 |
|
7-May-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Al-Qaida Militants Kill 20 Yemeni Soldiers |
|
Yemen: suspected al-Qaida militants killed ≥20
soldiers following a U.S. airstrike that killed 2 al-Qaida operatives |
VOA News-AP-AFP |
|
254 |
|
7-May-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
Rod Nordland.
Contributors: Taimoor Shah; Jawad Sukhanya; Farooq Mangal |
U.S. Confirms
Afghan Airstrike Mistake |
|
Afghanistan: a
U.S. military airstrike on 4-May-2012 mistakenly killed 6 members of a family
(a mother and 5 of her children); on 7-May-2012, the U.S. expressed regret
for the airstrike |
NYT |
|
255 |
|
8-May-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
JET |
Siobhan Gorman; Laura Meckler; Evan Perez. Contributor: Julian E.
Barnes |
Jetliner Bomb Plot Is Foiled |
|
A jetliner suicide bomb plot by al Qaeda in the
Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) was foiled; the bomb's designer is believed to be
Ibrahim Hassan Tali al-Asiri; operatives were used [see also "Al-Qaida
Suicide Bomber Was 'Double Agent'", VOA News, 9-May-2012,
http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Al-Qaida-Suicide-Bomber-Was-Double-Agent--150738605.html] |
WSJ |
|
256 |
|
8-May-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
Michael Goodwin |
Bin Laden may be
dead but Bin Ladenism is still alive |
|
Michael Goodwin:
"Bin Ladenism is still Alive" |
Fox News |
|
257 |
|
9-May-12 |
PRO |
GOV |
ECON |
Howard Gleckman |
With European elections, is austerity in the US
doomed? |
|
European elections: fiscal austerity was massively
rejected in France, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Denmark |
Christian Science
Monitor |
|
258 |
|
9-May-12 |
VIO |
UN |
|
Elizabeth Arrott |
Blast Hits Syrian Military
Escorting UN Monitors |
|
Syria: a roadside bomb
wounded 6 Syrian soldiers escorting UN monitors to Dara'a |
VOA News |
|
259 |
|
9-May-12 |
VIO |
MIL |
|
|
Lawmaker: At Least 17 Killed in Somalia Fighting |
|
Somalia: ≥17 fighters with militant group
al-Shabab were killed in a battle with Ethiopian and Somali government troops |
VOA News |
|
260 |
|
10-May-12 |
VIO |
GOV |
|
Frank Gardner |
Syria blasts
signal dangerous escalation of violence |
|
Syria: 2 bomb
blasts targeting Syrian intelligence personnel in Damascus killed ≥55
people; the Syrian government blames terrorists; some suspect the jihadi "al-Nusra Battlefront" group |
BBC News |
|
261 |
|
11-May-12 |
PRO |
VIO |
MIL |
Jeff Seldin |
Mass Protests Across Syria, Bomb Plot Foiled |
|
Syria: mass protests across the country; Syrian
troops killed a suspected suicide bomber in Aleppo |
VOA News |
|
262 |
|
12-May-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
|
7 Killed in Syria as More UN
Observers Arrive |
|
Syria: anti-government
unrest; 7 people were killed (4 seecurit force members and 3 civilians); the
al-Nusra Front militant group claimed responsible for the attacks that killed
≥ 55 people on 10-May-12 |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
263 |
|
12-May-12 |
VIO |
SEC |
|
|
Pakistan Blast Kills Police Officer |
|
Pakistan: a roadside bomb targeting the police killed
one police officer |
VOA
News-AP-AFP-Reuters |
|
264 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|